Despite
the fact that the history of the sex education movement in America started in the late 19th
century, the general public in America
is still rather illiterate on sexual issues. Sexual illiteracy defined as
“either not knowing the facts or being misinformed about a range of sexual
topics, including AIDS, contraception, homosexuality, erection problems,
infidelity, and menopause” (Reinisch, p 1). The Kinsey Institute New Report on Sex was published in 1990 in
response to the results of the Kinsey Institute/Roper Organization National Sex
Knowledge Survey which demonstrated that 55% of the 1974 survey participants
received an F grade at the end of the study (ibid., p 2). This book is a 540
page question-and-answer book designed to educate and raise awareness of a
variety of issues pertaining to human sexuality including, but not limited to,
anatomy, attraction, hormones, puberty, disability, parenthood, contraception,
health, SDIs, etc.
Feminist activism can be utilized to add
perspective and critical analysis to issues regarding sex education. The
current argument that American sex education finds itself in the debate over the
nonsensical “abstinence only” approach which the religious right puts forth. I believe that celibacy is a personal
decision that neither government nor religion should play a role in. Although
one can choose celibacy, that shouldn’t excuse ignorance on issues pertaining
to sexuality, therefore, those who choose to be sexually active have even less
excuse for being ignorant. “Abstinence only” education only perpetuates
ignorance on sexual issues.
“Abstinence
only” education came to the fore during the Reagan Administration, when Surgeon
General C. Everett Koop attempted to get his AIDS report endorsed by the White
House staff. Koop continually encountered opposition from Gary Bauer, Reagan’s
chief advisor on domestic policy. According to Koop, Bauer stated, “the nation
was facing the problem of AIDS simply because it had abandoned traditional
morality, and it would not get out of the situation until we returned to that
morality” (Melody, p 208). This recurring theme of “traditional morality” still
continues to play in legislative and governmental policies pertaining to
everything from sex education, and abortion/women’s health issues, to gay
rights and funding for research in human sexuality.
Sex education in the late 1800s
Although
“marriage manuals” (aka “marriage guides”) were available in that era in
history, most of them were medically inaccurate, only advocated sex within the
context of marriage, and celibacy outside of marriage. Masturbation was viewed
as unhealthy, as presented in the Bible pertaining to Onan committing a sin by
spilling his seed; seed which should always be used in the act of procreation
(Melody, p 235).
An
early pioneer of sexual education was John Humphrey Noyes (1811 – 1886), who in
1848 founded the Oneida Community, a utopian settlement in upstate New York which lasted
until 1881. The Oneida Community, which was briefly mentioned in the Levy
article, is an intriguing case study of an alternative setting and deserves
closer inspection (Levy, p 1). It was a religious commune, an alternative
setting for Noyes and his followers; they practiced open marriage for which he
coined the term “free love.” His wife, Harriet Maria Worden, gave birth five
times, with only one child surviving. John promised her never to put either one
of them through that ordeal again. This was the starting point of his natural male
birth control method which utilized the contraction of the puboccygeus muscle (a.k.a.
pc muscle, the same muscle used for Kegel exercises in women) in order to
experience orgasm without ejaculation: he called this method, “Male
Continence.” Word of his method spread quickly and became so popular, that he
received letters from all over America
asking for information about it. This prompted him to publish the short book,
“Male Continence” in 1872 (Noyes). The fact that Noyes discussed birth control
as the responsibility of the male is groundbreaking even by today’s standards:
modern-day discussions on birth control still circulate around the woman’s
responsibility. Noyes' short book can be found posted at the Syracuse University Library website . Here's the link Male Continence
Noyes’
book utilized consciousness-raising: it was being transported via the postal
system and sold throughout the country. This, alas, was short-lived as just one
year later, in 1873; the implementation of the Comstock laws took effect, which
prohibited the distribution of “obscene” materials via the mail. What was
deemed “obscene” was rather vague; artwork, novels, scientific and medical
information on birth control were confiscated and those distributing these
items were often arrested and sent to jail (Brown, p 2).
Sex education in
the early 1900s mainly focused on educating the public regarding “social
diseases” (i.e. diseases which would affect family life in society as a whole).
This is the time when discussion of venereal diseases first became part of an
organized movement of education. This education was to be handled by private
agencies as opposed to schools. The “Society of Sanitary and Moral Prophylaxis”
was founded in 1905 in New York City
and the “American Federation for Sex Hygiene” as well as the “American
Vigilance Association” was founded in 1912. All three groups addressed
sexuality from hygienic standpoint and were especially concerned with
prostitution as a “social vice.” The “Society of Sanitary and Moral Prophylaxis”
declared the aim “to promote the appreciation of the sacredness of human sexual
relations, and thereby to minimize the moral and physical evils resulting from
ignorance and vice” (ibid. p 3).
This emphasis on
the betterment of society was part of the larger Progressivism movement which
started in the late 1900s and lasted until the 1920s. Progressivism was a grassroots
social reaction to the concentration of power and wealth in the hands of the industrial
elite. The goals of the movement were broad and included, but were not limited
to: reforming labor conditions, voting rights, immigration policies, tax
issues, women’s voting rights, and to rein
in the abuses of big business from the so-called “gilded age.” Under presidents
like Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson, the movement initiated far-reaching
reforms, and addressed some of the most egregious inequalities and violations
of civil protections in American society. The founding of Jane Addam’s Hull
House was part of the progressive era, which acted as an alternative setting
for meetings and social change, as well as a venue for consciousness-raising
within the community covering various issues including birth control and sex
education (Link, p 79).
During
the early 1900s, sex education wasn’t comprehensive, it was broken down into
various different aspects such as, medical (hygiene, disease), marriage manuals
(which only covers the bare minimum sex info for young married couples), and
birth control information. Under the Comstock laws all of these were deemed
obscene and confiscated (Vostral, p 121).
One
of the most prominent activists to fight the repressive Comstock laws was
Margaret Sanger (1879 – 1966) who spearheaded the grassroots birth control
movement. She was a nurse in the Lower East Side of Manhattan (just across the
river from Hoboken ).
She had witnessed the spread of preventable diseases due to malnutrition and
poor living conditions, as well as watching women die from self-induced
abortions. She published pamphlets with information on birth control methods in
hopes of raising consciousness and, as a result, was arrested and charged with
violating postal obscenity laws. The media attention to her arrests resulted in
promoting her cause, thus “making the private political”. Sanger coined the
term “birth control” and founded the American Birth Control League (which
became Planned Parenthood in 1942) (Steinem).
The
first victory for Margaret Sanger was in 1936, when the court ruled in favor of
the right to distribute pamphlets on birth control as well as birth control
devices via the postal system. The presiding judge ordered “a sweeping liberalization
of federal Comstock laws, ruling that contemporary data on the damages of
unplanned pregnancy and the benefits of contraception meant that contraceptive
devices and birth control could no longer be classified as obscene” (Planned
Parenthood website). Although this applied
only to New York , Vermont ,
and Connecticut
The
Rockefeller Foundation was instrumental in early sex research and education. In
1921, it funded the Committee for Research in Problems of Sex, which sponsored
studies spanning such diverse topics as illegitimacy, prostitution, abortion,
and sexual practice of regular citizens (Cocks, p 48). The foundation also
helped Sanger fund the first birth control clinic in America , as well as funding
research into the chemical composition of spermicides (Bullough, p 135).
Even early cinema
played its part in educating the public and raising consciousness. Lois Weber
(1881 – 1939), one of the few female directors of that era, directed “Where Are
My Children?”, a film which candidly discusses abortion and birth control.
Weber was a supporter of Margaret Sanger and birth control; she made this film in
order to raise consciousness and open up the discussion for the topics (Weber).
Charlie Chaplin’s film, “The Kid” from 1921, made a bold criticism of societal
stigmatization of unwed motherhood in its opening scene. Edna Purviance’s
character walks out of a charity hospital with her newborn baby as the title
card reads “the woman - whose sin was motherhood” (Chaplin). The issue of children
born out of wedlock was a taboo subject in society at that time: Chaplin
humanized Purviance’s character, and in so doing, he set the standard for
consciousness-raising in film form.
Walt Disney
produced a short animated film educating young girls about the menstrual cycle
entitled, “The Story of Menstruation” which was a 10 minute animated short
produced in 1946. It was shown in healthcare classes at schools; it was even
awarded the Good Housekeeping Seal of Approval. A gynecologist was hired to
ensure that it was anatomically and medically accurate. The film desexualized
menstruation portrayed it in a framework of hygiene: “Bleeding meant an
introduction to adulthood, not a participation in it” (Vostral, p 122).
Hull House involvement in Birth Control Movement
I found an
intriguing document in the Special Collections of UIC Library: it was a five
page text recording the minutes of a meeting of the Birth Control Conference of
the Chicago Woman’s Aid. The conference was held Thursday, December 5, 1929. It
was found in box 15Chicago in the early
1900s.
The following points were made in
the document:
The Comstock Law of 1879
categorized the dissemination of information on birth control as an obscenity.
Half the states have enacted such obstructive laws, and in so doing, no medical
textbook which contained information of birth control could be mailed in America without
the threat of prosecution. There was only one medical school which they were
aware of that educated to its students on contraception.
Legal, medical,
sociological, and ethical paragraphs were given as logical reasons for birth
control. A case was made for research in methods of contraception. War, famine,
and disease as a result of overpopulation were addressed. There is a paragraph
alluding to Eugenics, in which the case was made for the possible compulsory
sterilization of “unfit” individuals. “The fact that some of the most unfit
class of all – diseased and defective and parasitic – will not use
contraceptive information or cannot be taught it, is a grave danger to the
race” (p 3). This is a chilling
statement which is reminiscent of totalitarian ideology, such as the Nazis.
The statement that
“the mother of a growing family is presumably more valuable than one more child
and should not be sacrificed for such” (Ibid) is a relevant question which is
still being brought up today in political discussions regarding whether a women
should get an abortion if it would save her life.
The most striking
part of this document was the following quote: “We as men believe that if we
had to undergo sickness, disfigurement, limitation of activities, discomfort,
pain, danger, and sometimes death for the birth of a child, we would insist
that it was our absolute right to choose our own time for the process.
Therefore, we believe this an essential and absolute right of women and
encourage them to claim such right” (Ibid). This is followed by the signing of
the document by eighteen men, many of whom were doctors. To have so many men
make such a strong and passionate statement is truly significant. It speaks
volumes about how women were simply expected to be mothers and not concern
themselves with the health risks involved in pregnancy. It is notable, however,
that no females signed this declaration.
This paper is
representative of other items in the collection because it addressed how
contraception was viewed in its day. The document mentioned that the American
Birth Control League received five thousand letters in one year asking for
information on birth control. Despite the public outcry for such information,
the Comstock Laws still held doctors and patients alike captive for fear of
fines and imprisonment.
Ben Reitman was
the lover of Emma Goldman and they both worked tirelessly to promote birth
control. Reitman was nicknamed “the Hobo Doctor” because of his work with the
downtrodden of society; the poor, the immigrants, prostitutes, hobos, etc. In
1916, the couple was arrested for endorsing birth control. Reitman served a six
month sentence in jail, after which, the romantic relationship with Goldman
ended (Reitman papers, 1).
This
document is relevant because it reveals the sad state of institutionalized
ignorance on the subject of sex education and birth control in America . The
battle for women’s rights over their own bodies has a long standing tradition
in American history. The struggle wages on in today’s political arena.
Kinsey’s Role in Sex Education and Consciousness-Raising
Alfred
Kinsey played a major role in the consciousness-raising of issues pertaining to
sexuality. His research in human sexual behavior was groundbreaking not only in
the depth and scope of the subjects he covered, but also in the fact that he
set the stage educating the public by publishing his research findings.
He
didn’t intend to be a sex researcher, but fate called him to task. It all
started when the Surgeon General, Thomas Parran, asked for nationwide testing
due to a rise in syphilis rates. In response, Indiana
University ’s student paper, the Daily
Student, published an article on February 15, 1938 calling for “compulsory
Wasserman tests for all Indiana
students” (Jones, p 318). Students started writing to the paper with complaints
about the sorry state of sex education at the university. The
consciousness-raising of the students prompted Kinsey to volunteer in developing
a class on sex and marriage. He taught the non-credit marriage course to
married couples and seniors and it was an instant success (ibid. p 327). Thus,
Kinsey used consciousness-raising in a university setting.
Kinsey
offered advice to students who approached him with questions concerning
sexuality. He started collecting the sexual histories of his students and found
that human sexual behavior exhibited diverse variation, echoing the variation
he observed in his studies of the physical characteristics of gall wasps. He
continued collecting sexual histories, ranging from that of the faculty to the
groundskeepers on campus (American Experience).
Kinsey’s work was
not without detractors. Some of the faculty pressured the university president,
Herman Wells, to remove Kinsey from the marriage course. Wells, who supported
Kinsey’s work, decided to give Kinsey an ultimatum: choose between continuing
the research and continuing to teach the course. In 1940, Kinsey chose the
research (American Experience).
Sexual
Behavior in the Human Male
Kinsey continued collecting sexual
histories and in 1941, he acquired a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation to
fund his sex research. Between 1941 and 1946, he assembled his research staff:
Clyde Martin (1918 - ), Wardell Pomeroy (1913 – 2001), and
Paul Gebhard (1917 - ). Kinsey and his team constructed a survey containing
about 300 questions. The first set of questions were demographic (age,
religious background, work, etc), and the remaining questions investigated a
wide variety of sexual activity. In the questionnaire, sex was defined as to the point of ejaculation. First the
team questioned locals, then they traveled the country and questioned over
5,300 males (Biography). The resulting book, Sexual Behavior in the Human Male, was published in 1948 and sold about
500,000 copies and was an instant success (American Experience).
The
resulting data shattered the way America perceived itself. Kinsey
reported that more than 90% of American males masturbated, 85% have had
premarital intercourse, 70% had patronized a prostitute at least once in their
lives, almost 60% have had oral sex, and 30% to 45% had engaged in extramarital
intercourse. What was most shocking, however, was that 37% of those interviewed
reported to have engaged in homosexual activity at some point in their lives
(Kinsey, Pomeroy, and Martin, p 650). The book was a huge success and hit the
best-sellers list, thus propelling Kinsey to the iconic status of being a
household name. This form of consciousness-raising on the subject of sexuality
was unprecedented; the fact that he not only mentioned homosexuality but gave
statistics on it thus kick-starting the gay rights movement (leaping) by
helping individuals understand that they were not alone, (D’Emilio, p 80).
Sexual Behavior in
the Human Female
Kinsey’s
work collecting sexual histories continued and in 1947, he established the
Institute for Sex Research at Indiana
University
This data shocked
the nation. The image of a wholesome, puritanical society was forever
shattered. Churches and religious groups were up in arms. Billy Graham (1918 -
) published a pamphlet stating, "It is
impossible to estimate the damage this book will do to the already
deteriorating morals of America .
Doctor Kinsey's report shows itself to be completely lopsided and unscientific
when it says that seven out of ten women who had pre-marital affairs had
no regrets. He certainly could not have interviewed any of the millions of
born-again Christian women in this country who put the highest price on virtue,
decency and modesty” (Billy Graham).
Kinsey and the McCarthy Era
It
wasn’t long before the media attacked Kinsey’s books as being a threat to
American family values, thus, in their eyes, making a Communist takeover of America
possible. The Indianapolis Times ran the headline, “‘Kinseyism’ Aids Reds”
(American Experience). Republican Senator Joseph McCarthy (1908 – 1957) from Wisconsin requested the
Carnegie, Rand, and Ford Foundations to appear in front of the House
Investigations Committee in order to justify their grants and ensure that the
Communists hadn’t infiltrated their organizations. The witch-hunt didn’t end
there, the State Department fired hundreds of employees whom they suspected
were gay (Jones 630). J. Edgar Hoover, Director of the F.B.I., (1895 – 1972)
maintained a file on Kinsey. Once the Rockefeller Foundation was called
forward, B. Carroll Reese (1889 – 1961), who lead the Senate Special Committee
on Tax Exempt Foundations, condemned Kinsey’s work. As a result, the
Rockefeller Foundation cut Kinsey’s funding in 1954 (American Experience).
Kinsey had in
effect been censored. His dreams of completing his research and collecting
100,000 interviews for further volumes on the study of human sexuality were
shattered. He planned on publishing a book on the relationship of arts to
sexual behavior, which looked into how sexual history of individuals (i.e.
their love maps) translated into their work as artists. This work never got
published. Two other books which he was working on were “Pregnancy, Birth and
Abortion” published in 1958, and the other entitled “Sex Offenders: An Analysis
of Types” published in 1967. These books were published by his surviving fellow
researchers Paul Gebhard and Wardell Pomeroy (interview, Kinsey Institute). The
censoring of Kinsey demonstrates that sex education and research has frequently
fallen victim to totalitarian ideologies of the authoritarian political
agendas.
Kinsey’s Legacy in
Consciousness-Raising and Research lives on
In 1982, The Kinsey Institute officially changed its name to
The Kinsey Institute for Research in Sex, Gender, and Reproduction. The Kinsey
Institute continues to conduct research in various aspects of human sexuality.
Alfred Kinsey’s research asked what
humans do, the Institute now asks why
humans do it. Current questions regarding human sexuality pertain to
neurochemistry, hormones, mood, psychology of relationships and pairbonding,
what effects partner choices, etc.
KinseyConfidential.org
is a site for information on sexual health and contains podcasts, newsblogs,
and an on-line Question & Answer section. The Kinsey Institute hosts
sexology conferences, lectures, and art exhibits on various aspects of human
sexuality, as well as an extensive library (Kinsey Institute website). The vast
resources listed on the Kinsey Institute website, including their downloadable
broadcasts and question-and-answer sessions work to raise consciousness and
educate the public. The Kinsey Institute library is only accessible for
research by scholars and students and is not open to the general public (Kinsey
Institute website).
Scarleteen: Alternative
Consciousness-Raising
Scarleteen
is an online sex and blog founded in 1998 by Heather Corinna, a feminist
activist and sexuality counselor at the feminist women’s healthcare Center in Yakima , Washington health
Center is one of only 14 non-for
profit abortion providing feminist health centers in the country (Feminist
Women’s Health Center
Addressing
teenage questions and concerns regarding sexuality, Scarleteen provides a
wealth of information on a variety of subjects covering teenage sex, birth control,
body image, dating, breaking up, sexual orientation, etc. Scarleteen’s motto is
“Sex ed for the Real World: Inclusive, Comprehensive and Smart Sexuality
Information and Help for Teens and 20s” (Scarleteen website). This utilizes the
Internet to create consciousness-raising in education outside of the usual
structured environment of schools and parents. This is a good alternative for
sex education since most parents themselves are not well educated on the
subject and therefore lacked the scientific knowledge to bestow onto their
children.
Sex Education in Public Schools in Chicago
There
are recent developments in the teaching of sex education in Chicago schools. It has been announced that
sex ed will be taught starting at the kindergarten level with age-appropriate
issues in every subsequent grade. Kindergarten through third grade will learn about inappropriate touching,
fourth-graders about puberty and HIV, fifth-graders about reproduction,
contraception, and prevention of HIV/AIDS and other STI’s. Students will also
be taught about sexual orientation and gender identity although it does not
mention which grades this would start in (Chicago Public Schools website). This
is the result of Chief health officer for Chicago
public schools, Dr. Stephanie Whyte, advocating for more comprehensive sex ed
in schools due to data which demonstrates increased incidence of STI’s in the
population of teens. Teenagers make up about one third of the reported cases of
chlamydia and gonorrhea (Transforming Communities website).
CPS
is framing this curriculum in the context of health and hygiene issues, in
order to avoid the word “sex” which often times results in an overreaction from
religious groups and the conservative movement. This of course hasn’t stopped
the medium from being sensationalistic and framing the argument as exposing sex
to children. A simple Google search reveals dozens of media sources as framing
it in the context of “Sex Ed for Kindergartners?” thus courting controversy
from the general public, which is typical of media to do regarding issues of
sexuality. I had interviewed a principal a Chicago Public School in Chicago in order to find out more about the
upcoming changes in sex education proposed for CPS schools. He stated that he
had not heard anything about this before me mentioning it, and said that he
would ask Mayor Emanuel on their next meeting together (Principle interview).
I
was unable to obtain an interview with a principle or physical education/sex ed
teacher at a public school, so I interviewed Miss Bodemueller, who is a high
school student at a charter school in Chicago .
She had taken sex ed classes in ninth and tenth grades (2011 – 2012). The co-ed
class was taught by the physical education teacher and the course went on for
about three weeks, three times a week, 80 minutes each day. The course covered
STI’s, pregnancy, AIDS/HIV, condom use (demonstrated with a banana), tampon
use, sexual orientation, yet did not cover issues regarding intersex. The
teacher did however state that the teens are welcome to come to her in the
future regarding further questions on sexuality (Miss B, interview).
In
closing, I would like to state that the public knowledge on sexuality in America
is still severely lacking. It never fails to amaze me how full-grown adults who
are even older than me, are blissfully unaware of even the basics of anatomy
and birth control. I should very much like to see a follow-up report on America ’s
literacy issues of sexuality conducted with a larger and more demographically
representative sample. My educated guess is that the majority would still fail.
It
is rather sad that we live in such a sexualized society, yet few seem to
understand the basics of sex, gender, and reproduction; sexual illiteracy still
prevails. The recurring theme found throughout the history of sex education in America
is the opposition of the religious right and conservative leaders to any
policies/movements which would educate the public on such issues. With
knowledge comes power, and by limiting knowledge the public has less power to
understand and control rights concerning women’s bodies and reproduction. I
plan to go into sex education, preferably in an alternative setting
environment, as well as work in research and advocacy order to address the innumerous
misperceptions and myths that are pervasive within our society.
Bibliography
American Experience: Kinsey.
Narr. Campbell
Scott. PBS Television. Dvd. 2005
Ben Reisman Papers, UIC
Special Collections, An inventory of the collection at the University of Illinois
at Chicago http://www.uic.edu/depts/lib/specialcoll/services/rjd/findingaids/BReitmanf.html
Billy Graham
Takes on Sex Researcher Alfred Kinsey. Billyspot: The Unofficial Billy
Graham
Blog. 15 April 2013. < http://www.billyspot.com/>
Biography:
Alfred Kinsey: Pioneer of the Sexual Revolution. Narr. Jack Perkins.
Biography
Channel. BBC/Arts & Entertainment
Corporation.
Videocassette recording. 1996.
Miss B., Charter School student, interview, April 22, 2013
Chaplin,
Charles, Dir. The Kid Perf. Chaplin and Jackie Coogan. Chaplin – First
National,
1921.
Bullough, Vern. Science
in the Bedroom: A History of Sex Research. New York : Basic
Books,
1994.
Chicago Public Schools website, Chicago
Cocks, H.G., Matt Houlbrook, ed. Palgrave
Advances in the Modern History of
Sexuality.
Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006.
D’Emilio, John, Cycles
of Change, Questions of Strategy: the Gay and Lesbian Movement after Fifty
Years, was
Disney, Walt, The
Story of Menstruation, You Tube. Video. 16 April 2013
<http://youtu.be/eLhld_PI2zg>
Feminist
Women’s Health Center website, 17 April, 2013 <http://www.fwhc.org/welcome.htm>
Inside the
Kinsey Institute Library. 21 November 2008. You Tube. Video. 12 April 2013
Jones, James H.,
Alfred C. Kinsey: A Public/Private Life. New York : W.W. Norton &
Company,
1997.
Kinsey, Alfred
C., Wardell B. Pomeroy, and Clyde E. Martin. Sexual
Behavior in the
Human
Male. Bloomington : Indiana University
Kinsey, Alfred
C., Wardell B. Pomeroy, Clyde E. Martin, Paul
Gebhard. Sexual Behavior
in
the Human Female. Philadelphia :
W.B. Saunders, 1953.
Kinsey
Institute for Research in Sex, Gender, and Reproduction website. 10 March
2013.
<
http://www.iub.edu/~kinsey/index.html>
Kinsey Institute
phone interview, Jennifer Bass, Director of Communications, 23 April, 2013
Link, Arthur S.,
Richard L. McCormick, Progressivism, Arlington Heights : Harlen
Davidson,
Inc, 1983.
Melody, M. E.,
Peterson, Linda M., Teaching America about Sex; Marriage Guides and Sex
Manuals from the late Victorians to Dr. Ruth, New York University Press,
New York, 1999
Noyes, John, Male Continence,
1872, <http://library.syr.edu/digital/collections/m/MaleContinence-51k/>
Planned
Parenthood website: History and Success, 17 April, 2013 <http://www.plannedparenthood.org/about-us/who-we-are/history-and-successes.htm#early>
Principal, interview, April 23, 2013
Reinisch, June M. ed. The Kinsey Institute
New Report on Sex: What You Must Know to be Sexually Literate. New York : St. Martin ’s
Press, 1990.
Steinem, Gloria.
“Margaret Sanger: Her Crusade to Legalize Birth Control Spurred the
Movement
for Women’s Liberation.” Time 13 April 1998. 10 April 2013
Transforming
Communities website, Improved Sex Education Standards in Chicago K-12 Public
Schools, 18 April, 2013, <http://transforming-communities.org/content/improved-sex-education-standards-chicago-k-12-public-schools>
Vostral, Sharra L., Underwarps: A History
of Menstrual Hygiene Technology, Lexington
Books, 2008
Weber, Lois,
Dir. Where Are My Children? Perf. Tyrone Power, Sr, Juan de la Cruz.
Universal Film, 1916.
ReplyDeleteNice details about history of sex education. Please visit http://www.chennaisexologist.com